INTRODUCTION:

Skin is the largest sensory organ in the body. It serves as a barrier that protects the body organs and gathers sensory data from the surroundings. Additionally, it aids in keeping the body's temperature at a healthy level. Diverse distinctive cells and structures can be found in the skin. The hypodermis, dermis, and epidermis are the three primary layers. Each layer contributes in a unique way to how the skin works as a whole¹. As skin imparts a specialized function to body wellbeing, it is necessary for us to keep it away for skin diseases and alignments. Skin conditions are a prevalent illness.

It harms people of all ages, including newborns and the elderly, and does so in several different ways. Infections, allergies, sun exposure, injuries, and other factors can all lead to skin issues². Soap is a mixture of sodium salts of various naturally occurring fatty acids. If the fatty acid salt has potassium rather than sodium, a softer lather is the result. Soap is produced by saponification or basic hydrolysis reaction of a fat or oil. Most commercial soaps contain chemicals that can be harmful to the skin and using a natural herbal soap can be a good alternative. Herbal soaps are made using natural herbs and ingredients that are healthier and beneficial for the skin and are less likely to cause any damaging effect³.

Herbal Soap:⁴

Herbal soap is a natural skincare product made from plant-based ingredients that offer various therapeutic benefits. Unlike commercial soaps that often contain synthetic chemicals, herbal soaps are formulated using natural oils, herbs, and essential oils. These ingredients are known for their gentle cleansing properties and ability to nourish and hydrate the skin.

Herbal soaps harness the healing power of herbs like lavender, rosemary, chamomile, and tea tree, each offering specific benefits. For example, lavender is known for its calming effects, while tea tree oil is renowned for its antibacterial properties. These natural ingredients work together to cleanse the skin without stripping away its natural moisture, making herbal soaps suitable for all skin types, including sensitive skin. the increasing demand for herbal soap is driven by a growing awareness of the potential harm caused by synthetic chemicals in personal care products. Many people are turning to herbal soaps as a safer, eco-friendly alternative that not only cleanses but also promotes overall skin health.

The use of herbal soaps dates back to ancient civilizations, where they were a part of traditional medicine. Today, with advancements in natural skincare, herbal soaps continue to gain popularity for their ability to treat various skin conditions such as acne, eczema, and dryness.

Advantages of Herbal Soap:^5,6

1. Natural Ingredients: Herbal soaps are made from natural ingredients like essential oils, herbs, and plant extracts. These components are free from harmful chemicals such as parabens, sulphates, and synthetic fragrances, making herbal soaps a healthier alternative to commercial soaps.

2. Skin-Friendly: The natural oils and herbs in herbal soaps are gentle on the skin, making them suitable for all skin types, including sensitive and dry skin. Many herbal soaps contain moisturizing ingredients like coconut oil or shea butter, which help to keep the skin hydrated and smooth.

3. Therapeutic Benefits: Herbal soaps often contain ingredients with therapeutic properties. For example, tea tree oil has antibacterial and antifungal properties, while lavender is known for its calming and soothing effects. These properties can help treat skin conditions like acne, eczema, and psoriasis.

4. Eco-Friendly: Herbal soaps are usually biodegradable and made from sustainable sources. Their natural composition reduces environmental impact, making them an eco-friendly choice compared to conventional soaps that may contain synthetic ingredients harmful to the environment.

Disadvantages of Herbal Soap:

1. Higher Cost: Herbal soaps are often more expensive than commercial soaps due to the cost of natural ingredients and small-scale production. This can be a barrier for some consumers.

2. Shorter Shelf Life: Since herbal soaps do not contain synthetic preservatives, they may have a shorter shelf life compared to conventional soaps. This can lead to quicker spoilage, particularly in humid environments.

3. Varied Efficacy: The effectiveness of herbal soaps can vary depending on the specific ingredients used and the individual's skin type. For some people, the natural ingredients may not provide the desired results, especially if they have more severe skin conditions.

Methods of Preparation of Herbal Soap:^7,8

1. Cold Process Method:

· Prepare the strong alkali Solution: Dissolve Strong base i.e., NaOH in distilled water, stirring carefully until fully dissolved. Allow the solution to cool to room temperature.

· Melt the Oils: Heat the base oils in a pot until they reach around 100°F (38°C). Use a thermometer to monitor the temperature.

· Combine Strong alkali solution with Oils: Slowly pour the lye solution into the melted oils, stirring continuously. Once combined, use a stick blender to mix the ingredients until the mixture reaches "trace" (a pudding-like consistency).

· Add Herbs and Essential Oils: Once the soap mixture has reached trace, add your chosen herbs and essential oils. Stir thoroughly to ensure even distribution.

· Pour into Molds: Pour the soap mixture into moulds, smoothing the top with a spatula.

· Cure the Soap: Allow the soap to harden in the mould for 24-48 hours, then unmould and cut into bars. The soap must cure for 4-6 weeks in a cool, dry place to fully saponify and become gentle on the skin.

2. Melt and Pour Method:

· Melt the Soap Base: Cut the pre-made soap base into small cubes and melt it in a double boiler or microwave, stirring occasionally.

· Add Herbs and Essential Oils: Once the soap base is fully melted, remove it from heat and add your chosen herbs and essential oils. Stir well to combine.

· Pour into Molds: Pour the melted soap mixture into moulds. Lightly tap the moulds to release any trapped air bubbles.

· Cool and Unmould: Allow the soap to cool and harden for several hours. Once solid, unmould the soap and it is ready to use.

3. Hot Process Method:

· Prepare the strong alkali Solution: As in the cold process method, dissolve Strong base i.e., NaOH in distilled water and allow it to cool.

· Combine Oils and strong alkali Solution: Melt the base oils in a slow cooker, then slowly add the lye solution, stirring constantly.

· Cook the Soap: Cover the slow cooker and cook the soap mixture on low heat for 1-2 hours, stirring occasionally. The soap will go through various stages, from liquid to thick gel, and finally to a mashed-potato consistency.

· Add Herbs and Essential Oils: Once the soap has reached the right consistency, remove it from heat and stir in your herbs and essential oils.

· Pour into Moulds: Transfer the soap mixture into molds and let it cool for 24 hours. Once hardened, the soap can be cut into bars and used immediately, though it benefits from a few weeks of curing.

Pharmacognosy of Crude drugs:

1. Nagkesar^9,10,19

Common Names: Nagkesar, Ceylon Ironwood, Indian Rose Chestnut, Cobra’s Saffron

Botanical Name: Mesua ferrea

Family: Calophyllaceae

Active Constituents:

· Flavonoids: Mesuaferrone, mesuaxanthone, and mesuaferrin.

· Tannins: Gallic acid and ellagic acid.

· Xanthones: Mesuaxanthone A and B.

· Coumarins: Mammeisin, mesuagin, and ferreol.

· Volatile Oils: The essential oil derived from flowers contains β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and β-selinene.

· Fatty Acids: The seeds contain fatty acids such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid.

Therapeutic Uses:

· Anti-inflammatory: Studies have shown that Mesua ferrea exhibits significant anti-inflammatory activity, making it useful in treating conditions like arthritis and inflammatory skin diseases.

· Antimicrobial: Extracts from the flowers and seeds of Nagkesar have demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi, which supports its traditional use in treating infections.

· Antioxidant: The presence of flavonoids and xanthones contributes to the strong antioxidant properties of Nagkesar, which can help protect cells from oxidative stress and damage.

· Antipyretic and Analgesic: Nagkesar has been traditionally used to reduce fever and alleviate pain, supported by pharmacological studies showing its efficacy in these areas.

· Hepatoprotective: Research indicates that Nagkesar can protect the liver from damage due to toxins, making it a potential therapeutic agent in liver disorders.

2. Giloy^11,19

Common Names: Giloy, Guduchi, Amrita, Heart-leaved Moonseed

Botanical Name: Tinospora cordifolia

Family: Menispermaceae

Active Constituents:

· Alkaloids: Berberine, giloin, tinosporin.

· Glycosides: Giloinin, cordifolioside A.

· Steroids: Ecdysteroids, makisterone A.

· Diterpenoid lactones: Tinosporide, tinosporaside, and cordioside.

· Polysaccharides: Arabinogalactan.

· Flavonoids: Quercetin, luteolin.

· Others: Phenolics, tannins, and essential oils.

Therapeutic Uses:

· Immunomodulatory: Giloy is known for its ability to enhance the immune system, making it effective in fighting infections and improving overall immunity.

· Anti-inflammatory: The plant exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects, useful in treating inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis.

· Antioxidant: Giloy is rich in antioxidants, which help combat oxidative stress and protect against cellular damage.

· Antimalarial: Traditionally used as a treatment for malaria, research has supported its efficacy against malarial parasites.

3. Reetha:^12,13,19

Common Names: Reetha, Soapnut, Arishtak, Indian Soapberry

Botanical Name: Sapindus mukorossi

Family: Sapindaceae

Active Constituents:

· Saponins: Mukurozioside, sapindoside, hederagenin.

· Flavonoids: Kaempferol, quercetin.

· Fatty acids: Oleic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid (in seeds).

· Sugars and Polysaccharides: Present in the fruit and seeds. These compounds contribute to the soapnut's cleansing, insecticidal, and medicinal properties.

Therapeutic Uses:

· Cleansing and Detergent Properties: Due to the high saponin content, Reetha acts as a natural detergent and foaming agent, making it suitable for use in soaps, shampoos, and other cleansing products. It is also effective in cleaning fabrics and as a biodegradable alternative to chemical detergents.

· Antimicrobial: Studies have shown that Reetha exhibits antimicrobial properties against various bacteria and fungi, supporting its traditional use in treating infections and as a natural preservative.

· Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant: The presence of flavonoids and saponins contributes to Reetha's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which help protect the skin and body from oxidative stress and inflammation.

4. Shikakai ^{14, 15,19}

Common Names: Shikakai, Soap Pod, Shika, Seekaaya

Botanical Name: Acacia concinna

Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

Active Constituents:

· Saponins: Acacinin I, II, and III. These saponins are responsible for the natural foaming and cleansing properties of Shikakai.

· Flavonoids: Quercetin, rutin, and other flavonoid glycosides.

· Alkaloids: Mimosine, an alkaloid with potential therapeutic effects.

· Tannins: Catechin, epicatechin, which provide astringent properties.

· Others: Vitamins C and D, which contribute to the overall health benefits of Shikakai.

Therapeutic Uses:

· Cleansing and Conditioning: Due to the presence of saponins, Shikakai acts as a natural detergent, providing gentle cleansing without harsh effects. It also acts as a natural conditioner, leaving hair soft and manageable.

· Antimicrobial: Shikakai exhibits antimicrobial properties, which help in maintaining a healthy scalp by preventing infections and dandruff.

· Anti-inflammatory: The flavonoids and tannins in Shikakai have anti-inflammatory properties, making it effective in treating skin irritations and inflammation.

· Antioxidant: The antioxidant properties of Shikakai, mainly due to its flavonoids and vitamins, help in protecting hair and skin from oxidative damage.

· Wound Healing: Traditionally, the paste of Shikakai is applied to wounds and skin infections due to its antimicrobial and astringent properties.

5. Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)¹⁶

Common Names: Tulsi, Holy Basil, Vishnu Priya, Thulasi

Botanical Name: Ocimum sanctum

Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

Active Constituents:

· Essential Oils: Eugenol (a major component), linalool, caryophyllene, and β-ocimene. These compounds contribute to the plant's aromatic and therapeutic properties.

· Phenolic Compounds: Rosmarinic acid, ursolic acid, and apigenin. These compounds exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

· Flavonoids: Orientin, vicenin, and other flavonoid glycosides that contribute to its antioxidant properties.

· Triterpenes: Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, which have anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects.

· Vitamins and Minerals: Tulsi leaves contain various vitamins (such as Vitamin C) and minerals (such as calcium and magnesium).

Therapeutic Uses:

· Anti-inflammatory: Tulsi exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects due to its essential oils and phenolic compounds, which can help in treating conditions like arthritis and asthma.

· Antioxidant: The plant's antioxidant properties are attributed to its high content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which help in neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress.

· Antimicrobial: Tulsi has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses, making it effective in treating infections and boosting the immune system.

6. Coconut Oil (Cocos nucifera)^17,18

Common Names: Coconut, Nariyal, Niu, Copra

Botanical Name: Cocos nucifera

Family: Arecaceae (Palmaceae)

Active Constituents:

· Medium-Chain Fatty Acids (MCFAs): Lauric acid (the most abundant, accounting for about 50%), caprylic acid, and capric acid. These MCFAs are responsible for many of the oil's health benefits.

· Other Fatty Acids: Myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid.

· Vitamins and Antioxidants: Vitamin E (tocopherols), polyphenols, and phytosterols. These compounds contribute to the antioxidant properties of coconut oil.

· Minor Constituents: Monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides, which play a role in the oil's emollient and moisturizing properties.

· Therapeutic Uses:

· Antimicrobial: Lauric acid, the main fatty acid in coconut oil, has potent antimicrobial properties. It is effective against various bacteria, fungi, and viruses, making coconut oil useful in treating skin infections and promoting oral hygiene.

· Moisturizing and Emollient: Coconut oil is widely used as a moisturizer for dry skin and as an emollient in cosmetic formulations. It helps to maintain skin hydration by forming a protective barrier on the skin's surface.

· Anti-inflammatory: Coconut oil has anti-inflammatory properties that help in reducing skin inflammation and irritation, making it useful in treating conditions like eczema and psoriasis.

· Antioxidant: The presence of vitamin E and polyphenols in coconut oil contributes to its antioxidant effects, protecting the skin from oxidative damage and aging.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

The crude drugs used in this study were sourced from the local market in Jamner City, specifically from Lakhote Ayurvedic Shop. Most of these crude drugs were obtained in dry powder form, with the exception of coconut oil, which was acquired in its liquid form. The laboratory-grade synthetic chemicals necessary for the preparation of the soap base were procured from the Pharmaceutics Laboratory at SSJIPER Jamner, under the supervision of Dr. Surajj M. Sarode. The preparation of the novel herbal soap was carried out in the Pharmacognosy Laboratory at SSJIPER Jamner.

Formulation table for Herbal Soap:

Table No.1: Formulation table

Sr. No.	Name of Ingredients	Quantity taken
1.	Nagkesar	2gm
2.	Giloy	1gm
3.	Reetha	3gm
4.	Shikakai	2gm
5.	Tulsi	1gm
6.	Coconut Oil	100gm
7.	Glycerine	10ml
8.	NaoH	20gm
9.	Water	100gm
10.	S.L.S.	10ml
11.	Triethanolamine	10ml
12.	Stearic acid	1gm
13.	Soft Paraffin	0.7gm
14.	Ethanol	5ml
15.	Rose oil	q. s

Procedure:²⁰

1. Melting of Coconut Oil: Place the coconut oil in a water bath and heat at 60-70°C for 5 minutes until fully liquefied.

2. Preparation of Basic Solution Dissolve an appropriate amount of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in distilled water to prepare a strong basic solution. Slowly add this solution to the melted coconut oil under continuous stirring. Maintain the temperature at 60-70°C and stir the mixture for 10-15 minutes to ensure proper emulsification.

3. Addition of Surfactant: Add 10mL of a 10% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) solution to the mixture, stirring continuously for 2minutes to enhance foaming properties.

4. Incorporation of Humectant: Add 10mL of glycerine to the mixture while stirring for 2 minutes to impart moisturizing properties to the formulation.

5. Incorporation of Active Ingredients: Gradually add powdered crude drugs (pre-weighed) into the mixture while stirring continuously to ensure uniform distribution.

6. Addition of Emulsifying Agent: Add 10mL of triethanolamine to the mixture and stir continuously until a thick paste is formed.

7. Fragrance Addition: Add 2-3 drops of rose water as a perfume while stirring the mixture.

8. Homogenization: Continue to stir the mixture for an additional 30 minutes under continuous agitation until a homogeneous, semi-solid consistency is achieved.

9. Moulding and Solidification: Pour the semi-solid mixture into pre-prepared moulds and allow it to solidify at room temperature. Once solidified, the soap-based product can be removed from the mould and stored.

Evaluation Tests:

1. Determination of Organoleptic Characteristics: Clarity and colour was checked by naked eyes against the white background, and the odour was smelled²¹

2. Size and shape Determination: The soap diameter of the size of 8.4 cm, with a thickness of 2.6 cm, which is round-shaped, was chosen for the preparation of soap bars. This was chosen, as this size is ideal in regular usage to apply on the affected skin parts of the body.²²

3. Thickness determination: The thickness was determined with the help of a screw gauge which is pre-calibrated. The thickness was measured, by observing the thickness at five different parts of the soap.²³

4. Weight determination: The weight was determined by using a Digital weighing balance.²⁴

5. Foam Height: 0.5gm of the sample of soap was taken and dispersed in 25ml of distilled water. Then, transferred it into 100ml measuring cylinder; the volume was made up to 50ml with water. 25 strokes were given and stand till aqueous volume was measured up to 50ml and measured the foam height, above the aqueous volume.²⁵

6. Foam Retention: Prepared the 25ml of the 1% soap solution and transferred it into the 100 ml measuring cylinder. Then the cylinder was shaken 10 times. The volume of foam was recorded at one minute for 4 to 5 minutes.²⁶

7. pH TEST: The pH test was performed for all the formulations. Each formulation of soap solution was dissolved in 20ml of distilled water and tested for pH with the help of a digital pH meter. The measurement of pH of all the formulations was done in the previously calibrated pH meter.²⁷

Anti-bacterial test: The prepared soap was subjected to antimicrobial screening by the agar well diffusion standard cup plate method. Organisms used were E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa. One gram of soap was mixed with 5ml of sterile water.²⁸

RESULT:

The evaluation of the Anti-bacterial properties of the herbal soap formulation was conducted successfully, and the results are presented in Table No. 2. A visual representation of the prepared herbal soap is provided in Figure No.1.

Physicochemical parameters of the herbal soap, including colour, appearance, and pH, were assessed. The formulations exhibited a light brown colour, an aromatic odour, and a visually appealing appearance. The pH of the formulations was determined to be approximately 6.6, which is within a neutral range. Given that healthy skin typically has a pH of 5.4 to 5.9, the neutral pH of the soap formulations indicates they are unlikely to cause irritation or sensitization to the skin.

Additional parameters such as foam height were also evaluated, with the soap producing a foam height of 3.0 cm. The lather generated by the soap remained on the skin for approximately 3 minutes.

The antimicrobial activity of the herbal soaps was investigated, and the results are depicted both photographically and in Table 3.

Figure No.1: Formulated herbal Soap

Table No.2: Physicochemical parameters of herbal soap

Sr. No	Parameter	Result
1.	Colour	Light brown
2.	Odour	Aromatic
3.	Appearance	Good
4.	Shape	Star (as per available mould)
5.	Foam height (cm)	3cm
6.	Foam retention (min)	3 min
7.	pH	6.6
8.	Stability	Soap melts above 42^oC

The zone of inhibition for the formulation was determined, yielding significant antimicrobial results. The formulation exhibited inhibition zones of 15mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 18mm against Staphylococcus aureus, and 16mm against Escherichia coli. These findings are attributed to the synergistic effects of incorporating two or more antimicrobial crude drugs within the formulation. The substantial inhibition zones indicate that the formulation effectively targets skin bacteria, suggesting its potential use for treating acne and bacterial skin infections.

The soap formulation was of high quality, characterized by a neutral pH, making it safe for topical application without causing skin irritation. Additionally, the soap demonstrated excellent lathering properties, with good retention on the skin.

Table No.3: Anti-bacterial test of herbal soap:

Zone of Inhibition (mm)
Microbes
P. aeruginosa	S. aureus	E. coli
15mm	18mm	16mm

Figure No.2: Anti-bacterial activity (Cup plate method)

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:

In this study, antimicrobial herbal soap was formulated with optimal dimensions, including appropriate size, shape, thickness, and weight, as well as satisfactory foaming ability. The soap was prepared using Nagkesar (Mesua ferrea) and Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) for their known antimicrobial properties, specifically targeting the treatment of skin conditions such as pimples, acne, and scars. The formulation process employed the cold press method, and the resulting products were subjected to a series of characterization tests, including assessments of colour, odour, size, shape, thickness, weight, and pH. All parameters met acceptable standards. The herbal soap exhibited a light brown appearance, a pleasant aromatic fragrance, and demonstrated effective antibacterial activity. These findings suggest that herbal products, formulated using the cold process technique, offer a promising approach for the development of medicated soaps with significant antimicrobial efficacy.

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Received on 11.09.2024 Revised on 20.11.2024

Accepted on 01.01.2025 Published on 05.03.2025

Available online from March 11, 2025

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2025; 17(1):14-20.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2025.00004

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